PKR-eIF2α Signaling Mediated Spatial Memory Impairment

PKR-eIF2ÃŽ ± Signaling Mediated Spatial Memory Impairment Valuable MATERIAL Enacted PKR-eIF2ÃŽ ± flagging intervened spatial memory impedance, tau phosphorylation, Aî ² pathology, oxidative pressure, specifically synaptic protein misfortune in mice brought about by low degrees of Cu Mouse conduct investigation. Morris water labyrinth test: MWM was proceeded as recently depicted (PMID:23402899) with minor adjustments and the test was performed twofold blinded by the standard activity convention. The MWM comprised of a round pool (120 cm distance across, divider profundity 40 cm) in which all the mice were prepared to escape from water by swimming to a concealed stage (2 cm underneath water surface) whose area just be distinguished by utilizing the visual fixes on the inward mass of the pool (Supplementary Fig. 3A). The water and the room temperature were kept at 23â ±1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¦'. The pool was separated into four quadrants by an automated following programming (Huaibei Zhenghua Biologic Apparatus Facilities Limited Company, Huaibei, Anhui, China). The stage was found somewhere between the middle and the divider in one quadrant and kept up at a similar situation during all the trial. The route test comprised of 4 preparing preliminaries for every day and 5 back to back preparing days. As can be found in Table 1, mice were discharged with their heads confronting the inward mass of the pool from the four quadrantal areas (N, E, SE, and NW) agreeing the grouping as past report (Supplementary Fig. 3B) (PMID:17406317), and not permitted to swim and quest for the stage in excess of 60 s, after which they were guided to the stage and permitted to stay on it for 15 s. Each mouse was then come back to its confine for 30 min before its next preliminary. The inactivity to arrive at the concealed stage was recorded. At some point or six days after the finish of route test, mice got a test, in which the stage was evacuated. Mice were discharged from the NE area and permitted to a 120 s swim to locate the past area of the stage. The swimming way, the time spent in every quadrant, the separation voyaged every quadrant, the test time, the stage crossing number, the all out separation voyaged, and the normal swimming rate was recorded by the electronic following programming. Y-labyrinth: In request to examine the PKR job in exploratory conduct and spatial memory, we played out the Y-labyrinth in the PKR+/+Tg+/ - and PKR+/ - Tg+/ - mice as portrayed already (PMID: 8986335, 1393562). Reaction to oddity was tried in a Y-labyrinth, embracing a two-preliminary technique in this test. The mechanical assembly was furnished with dark materials with three indistinguishable arms every 50 cm long, 16 cm wide, and 32 cm high. Viewable prompts produced using shaded paper with various images and the floor of the labyrinth was secured with dirtied creature bedding (Beta wood chips). All the mice was performed with starvation treatment for 24h before Y-labyrinth. In preliminary 1, one arm was hindered with dark Plexiglas and alluded to as the â€Å"novel† arm in Trial 2. The staying two arms were assigned as the ‘start’ arm and â€Å"other† arm separately. Three arms were randomized between mice (however not for a similar mouse) to diminish arm predisposition impacts. Toward the beginning of testing, a mouse was set in the beginning arm and was permitted to investigate the beginning and different arms for 10 min (procurement preliminary). Toward the finish of Trial 1, the mouse was come back to its home confine and the bedding inside the labyrinth was blended to lessen the chance of utilizing scents as a prompt. After an intertrial span (ITI) of 1 h, the mouse was set in a similar beginning arm as in Trial 1. The recently blocked arm was opened in Trial 2 and the mouse was permitted to research every one of the three arms for 5 min (rev iew preliminary). The reliant factors estimated in Trial 2 were: (1) the measure of time spent in each arm for every moment; (2) the quantity of sections made into each arm for every moment (Entry). Those indexs reflect curious conduct (for example reaction to oddity) and spatial acknowledgment memory of the already unvisited arm. Venture down test: This test was utilized to quantify inhibitory shirking and transient memory, as per the recently portrayed strategy (PMID: 24678498). The mechanical assembly included a plastic chamber (12x12x18cm) with a raised elastic stage (4.84.84.5cm) put on the left side divider. The floor was made of gauge treated steel bars (0.1cm long) set in equal, 0.5cm separated. On the principal preparing day, mice were presented to a 5-min adapting course, if the creatures ventured down from the stage, they were presented to an electric foot stun (36V, AC). After 24h, dormancy was rethought and recorded as the learning grade (inactivity), which was taken as a proportion of memory maintenance. Every securing preliminary was performed 5min in the PKR+/+Tg+/ - and PKR+/ - Tg+/ - mice. Valuable Table 1. Essential antibodies utilized for protein immunodetection in western blotch examination (WB), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF). Antigen Provider Application PAGE (%) Species starting point Hatching conditions Stomach muscle weakening 8-OhdG US Biological, H9076-02 In the event that N/A Goat 10% NGS, 12h, 4㠢„æ' 1:200 acetylated-ÃŽ ±-Tubulin Santa Clause Cruz, sc-23950 WB 10 Mouse 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:5000 Application Cell flagging, #2452 WB 10 Bunny 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:1000 AT8 Thermo, MN1020B WB 10 Hare 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:1000 ATF-4 Abcam, ab50546 WB 10 Mouse 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:1000 ATF-4 Abcam, ab50546 On the off chance that N/A Mouse 10% NGS, 12h, 4㠢„æ' 1:100 Aî ²42 Abcam, ab10148 IHC N/A Hare 10% NGS, 12h, 4㠢„æ' 1:100 BACE-1 Abcam, ab2077 WB 10 Hare 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:1000 CCS Abcam, ab16962 WB 10 Mouse 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:100 Slash Cell flagging, #2895 WB 10 Mouse 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:1000 CREB Cell flagging, #9197 WB 10 Hare 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:1000 complexin-1/2 Santa Clause Cruz, sc-33603 WB 10 Hare 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:1000 Cp Abcam, ab48614 WB 10 Hare 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:1000 Drebrin Cell flagging, #12243 WB 10 Hare 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:1000 eIF2ÃŽ ± Cell flagging, #5324 WB 10 Hare 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:1000 GSK-3î ² Cell flagging, #9315 WB 10 Hare 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:1000 JNK Cell flagging, ##9252 WB 10 Hare 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:1000 Nitro-Tyrosine Cell flagging, #9691 WB 10 Hare 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:1000 NR2A Sub-atomic Probes, A-6473 WB 8 Hare 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:500 NR2B Sub-atomic Probes, A-6474 WB 8 Hare 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:500 PKR (N-Term) GenWay Biotech, GWB-A4757E WB 10 Hare 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:500 p-PKR (Thr 451) Invitrogen, 44668G WB 10 Hare 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:500 p-eIF2ÃŽ ± (Ser51) Cell flagging, #3398 WB 10 Hare 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:1000 p-GSK-3î ² (Ser9) Cell flagging, #9336 WB 10 Hare 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:1000 p-CREB (Ser133) Cell flagging, #9198 WB 10 Hare 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:1000 p-JNK Cell flagging, #4671 WB 10 Hare 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:1000 p-PP2A Epitomics, 1155-1 WB 10 Hare 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:1000 PP2A C subunit Epitomics, 1512-1 WB 10 Hare 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:1000 PS396 Invitrogen, 44752G WB 10 Hare 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:1000 PS404 Invitrogen, 44-758G WB 10 Hare 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:1000 PSD-93 Cell flagging, #9445 WB 10 Hare 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:1000 PSD-95 Cell flagging, #2507 WB 10 Hare 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:1000 PSD-95 Cell flagging, #2507 On the off chance that N/A Hare 10% NGS, 12h, 4㠢„æ' 1:100 synapsin 1 Invitrogen, 51-5200 WB 10 Hare 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:1000 sAPPÃŽ ± Covance, SIG-39139 WB 10 Hare 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:1000 sAPPÃŽ ² Covance, SIG-39138 WB 10 Hare 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:1000 Tau-1 Chemicon, MAB3420 WB 10 Mouse 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:1000 Tau-5 Abcam, ab80579 WB 10 Mouse 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, 4㠢„æ' 1:500 ÃŽ ±-tubulin Santa Clause Cruz, sc-58667 WB 8-10 Mouse 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, RT 1:1000 ÃŽ ²-actin Santa Clause Cruz, sc-47778 WB 10 Mouse 5% skim milk, 2h, O/N, RT 1:1000 N/A, not material; NGS, ordinary goat serum; O/N, over-night; RT, room temperature. Beneficial FIGURES Strengthening Figure 1. Substance of Cu in Serum and mind. (A-D) Total iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium content in the serum separately; (E-H) Total iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium content in the hippocampus individually; (I-L) Total iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium content in the cortex separately; *P<0.05, **P<0.001, ***P<0.01 versus the control (n=5 for each gathering). Strengthening Figure 2. The l

Quantitative research

Quantitative research Presentation (150) Quantitative research is simply the examination of wonders that provide for definite estimation and measurement, which appended a thorough and controlled plan (Polit Beck 2008). Its has principle design is to gauge idea or factors equitably in numerical and measurable procedure, additionally connection between factors (Parahoo 2006). The exploration strategies are gotten from investigate plan and by and large incorporate example, intercession (if material), instruments, information assortment, and information examination (eds. Joyce Meredith 2006). In numerous examples, the quantitative research needs, for example, surveys or meeting, PCs and huge example sizes. This article is to investigate of a quantitative research by Kalij and William (2009) the perspective on its information objectivity, test size and determination, process information assortment, information introduction and examination, utilizing the important references to help this conversation. The goals are to demonstrate with confirmations if the Khalij and Williams study (2009) satisfies the necessities of quantitative research. Objectivity (150) Objectivity is measure of association of the analyst relates during the assortment and examination of the information (Marcella n.d.a). Polit and Beck (2008) contended objectivity implied analyst will in general remain away any impression of subjectivity or unoriginal during study process. Parahoo (2006) clarified the information which gathered and broke down are relied upon to be liberated from inclination among scientist and members. It implies the scientist is segregated or doesn't dynamic take an interest from training and there is no mediation among specialist and member. Likewise the members utilize the equivalent real estimations for information assortment. Further the inclination of research can be limited and the objectivity of the examination can be augmented. In The Kalish and Williams study (2009) indicated that they didn't take an interest and utilized estimations to gather the information. It appeared in their examination that during information assortment, they included staff nurture in four emergency clinics and utilized psychometric testing instrument. Hard information (148) Hard information is normal for quantitative investigation. Polit and Beck (2008) said that quantitative information are the data gotten during procedure of study course in a measured (numeric worth). (Janet Houser 2008) contended the other numerical information explicit patients side effects put in rank request the scales which contained interims, examinations between subjects. Other occasion the specialists with thoroughly structured devices ought to have the option to get a handle on the truth (Parahoo 2006). For instance size of wretchedness and agony in numeric worth. That implies the information can be estimated and measured somehow or another. In the nursing practice we generally face with the hard information. For example are physical (stature, weight, sexual orientation), physiological (imperative signs, research facility results, visual sharpness), past clinical accounts, mental and social or conduct. This information are appeared in Kalish and Williams study (2009) during their examination while gathered information: test size, sexes, understanding, instruction degree, and work area in evaluated information. Measurement (142) Measurement is significant perspective in the quantitative research. After information are gathered can be examined utilizing measurement and introduced in numerical structure. Polit and Beck (2008) said that measurement is a gauge of a parameter, determined from test information. They stressed insights are utilized to test speculations and assess the acceptability of the finding. Analysts as a rule utilize factual PC to facilitate computation and guarantee precision (ed. Joyce and Meredith 2006). They referenced measurement techniques are utilized in each procedure remember for the last report to look through the relationships, examinations of means, pattern and criticalness of finding to discredit speculation. Its fortify that measurement is one of trademark in quantitative research. Its applied in Kalishs study process while choosing information inspecting and breaking down information which appeared in the tables and the information was dissected by factual PC, enlightening measurement and inferential measurement. Test choice (269) Janet Holt (2009, p. 235) said that testing is the procedure to choose a little gathering of member for concentrate with the objective of making speculation from enormous populace dependent on discoveries. Polit and Beck (2008) contended that inspecting is the way toward choosing segment of the populace to speak to from the whole populace component. There are separation routes in test determination; inspecting plans, test size and examining steps. Polit and Beck (2008) referenced that there are two examining structures; likelihood testing and non likelihood inspecting. Likelihood inspecting substance; straightforward irregular, defined arbitrary, group and foundational examining. The non likelihood examining has substance; comfort, share and purposive inspecting. Janet Houser (2008) clarified test size in quantitative research to decide test in ampleness is power. Its an investigation to show the huge of test which expected to sufficiently distinguish a distinction in result variable. Polit and Beck (2008) recommended the means in this exploration testing as follow; the populace distinguish, the particular qualification standards, the particular examining plan and test enlistment. They accentuated specialist during test enrollment to pick up the member participation use methods for politeness, tirelessness, motivating forces, look into benefits, sharing outcomes, comfort, and support. This examination test assortment was executed in the kalishstudy. They utilized arbitrary inspecting to gather the member information from four emergency clinics in various unit. The investigation utilized N image which intended for the all out number, and n image is intended for number of subject. They took huge example size with absolute examples (N=1098). They applied proportion of test size during test assortment. They picked up the member participation which gave motivations (large estimated sweets and bar a pizza party). Information assortment (285) Parahoo (2006) said information assortment is techniques to quantify the information inspecting which used the instrument apparatuses: surveys, perception plan and other estimating devices. He underscored that the strategies ought to be foreordained, organized and normalized. Polit and Beck (2003) created information assortment plan incorporate distinguishing information needs, choosing kinds of measures, choosing and creating instruments, pre testing the information assortment bundle, and creating information assortment structures and techniques. They focused on Important perspectives ought to be thought of while executing the information assortment plans are the choosing research individual and individual and the preparation information gatherer. Nancy and Susan (2007) clarified information assortment is the way toward getting the subject and gathering the information for the exploration. They clarified five assignments during information assortment process: enlisting subjects, looking after consistency, looking after controls, securing study trustworthiness, and taking care of the issue. Structure, quantifiability, obstrusiveness, and objectivity are significant components while choosing information assortment instruments (Marcella n.d.a). We need to comprehend and keep up the significant measurement the information assortment techniques when applied in the information assortment plan, and executing. The got information ought to be exact, legitimate, and significant to react the inquiries. Kalish and William actualized the information assortment process in their examination. They applied the moving toward strategies to keep up the significant measurements in information assortment, for example, an instrument of missed nursing care and purpose behind missed consideration. The Data assortment plan used to distinguish information requirements for example in the portraying test normal for members (table 2.). They build the instrument in their review to pick up the evaluate information. While executing information assortment, they chose explore individual is staff nurture specialists. The preparation information gatherer was done which disseminated a duplicate of hardware, educated assent structure and a letter clarifying the investigation. Information investigation and introduction (299) Joyce and Meredith (ed. 2006) said information examination is a methodical strategy for looking at information accumulated for any exploration examination to help theory. This framework executes in the information investigation process: the information examination readiness, the example depiction, unwavering quality of estimation test, exploratory examination conduction, exploratory examination, corroborative examination and posthoc investigation conduction (Nancy Susan 2007). Parahoo (2006) expressed examination information can be acquired from estimation level, and afterward investigated with factual level. He referenced two measurement levels those are clear measurement and inferential measurement. There are a few factual PC programs (SPSS, SAS, LISREL, EQS, and so forth) which help the analyst to figure these test insights and their inspecting dispersion (eds. Joyce Meredith 2006). Marcella (n.d.b) clarified there are two sorts of inferential measurements are parametric (t-test, ANOVA, Multiple relapses) and non parametric (Chi-square, Rank Correlation, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis). Quantitative research result might be introduced in the tables, outlines and charts (Michael, Patricia Frances, 2007, refered to Russell, 2005). All in all that information investigation is foundational technique for assessment information began from information assortment which utilized estimation level then information were broke down by factual level and introduced in the tables, diagrams and charts to help speculation. Kalish and Williams study (2009) executed the information investigation process which used estimation level and factual level which finished utilizing SPSS in their examination. Initial step is checking of information exactness utilizing ordinal scale. The second is portraying test, they utilize focal propensity and scattering to test the differentiation legitimacy. The third is trying the unwavering quality of estimation, they applied cronbach alpha coefficient. Fourth they led exploratory analy

What is a Prompt B College Essay Sample?

What is a Prompt B College Essay Sample?You have probably seen prompt B college essay samples in your paper distribution center, or the college fairs. This is not the kind of assignment that you would typically accept, but it is one that might be sent out to a handful of people, which can be used to check the writing skills of potential students. The college essay samples are sometimes available at all colleges and universities. However, not every college offers prompt B essay samples.This is another way to help with writing an essay, even if you do not qualify for standard college essay samples. It can be very useful in getting feedback from other students about your writing style, even if you are not a part of the writing program at your school. Prompt B college essay samples are specific to the college, so you will want to check around to see if you qualify for this option.Prompt B college essays come in two versions: single-spaced, and double-spaced. Double-spaced prompts general ly come from a wide range of different types of writing assignments. Single-spaced prompts can often times be from your professor in class, or even during orientation.Students who are taking a writing class will probably get a prompt B sample from their professor, though it might be submitted as a suggestion from the instructor. However, this does not mean that the student will necessarily write the assignment, since the professor will often send a prompt B sample out to a small group of students to assess how well they are writing. The prompt B sample is usually required by the instructor, and it will help with judging the students' writing ability.Sometimes the prompt B college essay samples can be as simple as simply checking for spelling and grammar errors. These can be especially useful for someone who is learning the English language, since that is what this form of editing is intended for. Prompt B college essay samples are also a great tool for teachers and professors to use to help students improve their writing skills. They can also be a good test of your ability to improve your own writing, and you can use this information to help improve yourself as well.The best part about getting prompt B college essay samples is that you are getting feedback on the essay right away. This means that you can catch mistakes as soon as they are made, before you actually have time to write and revise the essay. This is important, since many people are quick to write up essays just because they are afraid that they will not get the assignment finished in time, or because they do not really feel like they have time to write.It is also very helpful to know that a prompt B college essay sample can help boost your confidence as a writer. This is especially true for students who are behind on their work or have taken some time off from school. Writing the exam and receiving a prompt B sample will allow you to have a little extra confidence in your writing skills, and will help you focus on other areas of the assignment, like the thesis statement or essay conclusion.Prompt B college essay samples can be a great way to improve your skills in writing a paper. It can help students write better essays, and it can help improve the skills of your instructor. Prompt B college essay samples will help you learn how to do professional editing and proofreading, which is a valuable skill for anyone to learn.

Effects Of The Colonization Of Indigenous People - 860 Words

The colonization of Australia has a disturbing influence on the Indigenous people who have lived in Australia for almost 60,000 years. Indigenous people are recognised as the custodians of the world’s longest living culture. For almost 60,000 years, more than 500 different Aboriginal nations and up to 1 million Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were understood to have lived in Australia before the arrival of the British in 1788. The new settlement was designed to improve Britain’s claim was to establish colonial powers. The result of colonisation was to beat competition over land and resources which quickly lead to violence. The history of colonisation has created an impact on families as it placed many thousands of children in†¦show more content†¦For example, this has resulted in generations of children raised in state care. 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Compare And Contrast Cyrus The Great And King Ashoka

Cyrus the Great and King Ashoka were successful rulers because they both developed laws to protect their kingdom, valued their citizen’s rights and religions, and had a strong military. While they both had a thriving empire, they developed them in different ways. In order to be a good ruler, he must be liked by your subjects. Cyrus the Great as well as King Ashoka had strong leadership skills that enabled them to lead their people with confidence and power. They both wanted their kingdom to grow continuously. Historians today often refer to Cyrus the Great and King Ashoka as the most powerful rulers of their time. It is critical for a kingdom to have a strong set of laws, even in today’s time. These laws help the kingdom to thrive,†¦show more content†¦According to Josephus, a Jewish historian, Cyrus is extremely respectful to the Jewish religion. Cyrus declared, â€Å"I have given leave to as many of the Jews that dwell in my country as please to retur n to their own country, and to rebuild their city, and to build the temple of God at Jerusalem on the same place where it was before.† Cyrus also sent his treasurer, Mithridates, and the governor of the Jews, Zorobabel, to â€Å"lay the foundations of the temple† and to help with the development of it. This would ensure that it gets done properly and under King Cyrus’s control (Document 2). King Ashoka used Edicts to keep his citizens properly informed and to make their lives easier. He used them to show how much he really valued his citizens loyalty. As an example of this, Edict five states that all religions were to be accepted, especially Dhamma. He believed that Dhamma would promote welfare and happiness to all whom were devoted to it. Ashoka worshiped Dhamma and believed it would be best for his citizens to as well (Document 6). Lastly, every successful kingdom, even in today’s world, must have a tremendously strong military. Most countries today revolve around a dependable military. The military allow the citizens to live a safe and peaceful life, while it helps the city to expand. Cyrus the Great had a successful empire because his military allowed it to expand, spreading his empire’s land, culture, and

Single Parent vs. Two Parent - 1229 Words

Single Parent Home vs. Two Parent Home Kendria Threatt COM 170/ Elements of University Composition and Communication I December 7, 2011 Monique Derr Single Parent Home vs. Two Parent Home How do you feel about raising children in a single parent home or in a home where both parents are present? It is very shocking to know that most people do not think about these situations before starting a family. In today’s population there are more single parent families than two parent families. When raising children it takes finances, time and affection, and a good role model to help care for them. Parenting is very difficult whether both parents are present†¦show more content†¦Parents single or married wants his or her child to feel comfortable enough to talk to them. Children in a single parent home sometimes feel lack of support by the parent. Most children from single parent families find role models outside the home in an uncle, aunt, grandmother, coach, or teacher. 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Religious Symbolism In Grapes Of Wrath Essay Example For Students

Religious Symbolism In Grapes Of Wrath Essay Grapes of Wrath During the Dust Bowl, hundreds of thousands of southerners faced many hardships, which is the basis of the novel called The Grapes of Wrath. John Steinback wrote this fiction novel to portray the harsh conditions during the Dust Bowl. However, is the portrayal of the Dust Bowl in The Grapes of Wrath valid? When one considers the merit of this novel, one thinks, how can Americans treat other Americans so horribly. After reviewing American History, the mistreatment of the Okies in The Grapes of Wrath can be concluded as being valid. After slavery, blacks were terribly treated. During the Civil War, Americans were divided. During the Red Scare, Americans mistrusted other Americans. These three different periods of U.S. history display how Americans can treat fellow Americans so cruelly. African Americans were terribly treated after slavery. Although they were Americans just like the whites, many of the whites hated them because they were different. One example of mistreatment of the African Americans was segregation, which was the division of local places by race. The blacks were thought to be so dirty, and the whites were scared of them. The whites did not want the blacks to mix with the whites. Public areas such as schools were segregated so the blacks and whites went to different schools. It was like the whites wanted to rid the U.S. of the blacks. In The Grapes of Wrath, the Californians wanted to rid the dirty Okies from California because they were afraid of them. They were afraid that the Okies would take their land. Blacks were also beaten for no just reason. Racial group such as the KKK, beat up blacks because they hated the blacks. They wanted the blacks to go away or die. In The Grapes of Wrath, Okies were unjustly beaten. The California police beat them for no just reason because they wanted the Okies to leave the state. The police killed Casey for no just reason. They killed him just because they thought the was a Okie fighting for more rights. The Californians did not like the Okies even though they were Americans, just like how the Blacks were not liked by the whites, even though they were Americans. White mistreatment of African Americans was not the only Americans mistreatment of Americans; there was also the infamous Red Scare. The Red Scares is another situation in which Americans mistreated Americans. In this period of U.S. history, there was a scare that communism would spread in the U.S.. Therefore, many suspected communists were deported from the U.S.. The non-communists hated communism, and thought it was an inferior and barbaric form of government. In The Grapes of Wrath, the Californians wanted the inferior and barbaric Okies out of the state. The Red Scare, like the Civil war, was a time when Americans mistreated Americans. The Civil war is another period in U.S. history where Americans mistreated each other. During the Civil War, the North wanted to outlaw slavery in the U.S.. However, the South wanted to keep slavery because it increased their economy. The North then went to war against the South. They killed each other in battles. Although the mistreatment of Okies was not this extreme in The Grapes of Wrath, the Civil War shows how cruel Americans can be towards each other. One would think that the portrayal of the Dust Bowl in The Grapes of Wrath is false, because Americans could not mistreat and be so cruel to fellow Americans. Other periods in U.S. history shows that Americans could mistreat fellow Americans. Periods in history where the Americans mistreated each other were the Red Scare, Civil War, and racism against African Americans. The Californians felt violated by their fellow Americans, just like in all the other situations where Americans mistreated their own.